Pollution Essay: Don’t Blame Me for Global Warming -- Environment, Clim

In excess of 17,000 researchers have marked an appeal saying human exercises don't take steps to upset the atmosphere. This staggering measure of individuals has been advised to not be right by one assortment of individuals. This body is our administration, for a long time now they have talked about the ghastly circumstances originating from an Earth-wide temperature boost. This looks bad; with the realities and data that we have gotten throughout the years they despite everything bolster this crazy thought. People never really add to an Earth-wide temperature boost; the sporadic atmosphere occasions are simply characteristic events. These events are no more interesting to our history either. (â€Å"Global Warm Up†)(â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†) The latest instance of noteworthy warming was between the years 1850 and 1940. Most researchers state this ascent in warmth was not brought about by nursery gasses. On the off chance that this was not brought about by nursery gasses, it demonstrates that there are seasons of sporadic warming of the world. There have been different events of sporadic warmth. The greatest and most compelling event is known as the MWP. (â€Å"The Real 'Awkward Truth'†) (â€Å"Medieval Warm Period†) The MWP, or Medieval Warm Period, happened between AD 950 and AD 1250. It was a time of warmth, surpassing the temperatures of the late twentieth century. Individuals for an unnatural weather change have said that human exercises add to causing an Earth-wide temperature boost. Utilizing the MWP as confirmation, we realize that we people were not adding to nursery gasses. Supporters of a dangerous atmospheric devation state that we add to nursery gasses which thus influence the temperature. In the event that this is valid, for what reason would the temperature rise 1000 years prior on the off chance that we didn’t even make nursery gasses? It’s in light of the fact that what's going on this moment, is only a characteristic occasion. To check this sta... ...eenhouse impact. I realize that individuals have their feelings, some informed and some not, my assessment is that we don't cause the nursery impact which thusly implies we don’t cause an unnatural weather change. Works Cited Barry Wigmore â€Å"Global warming? It’s common state experts† DailyMail. 13 September 2007. Web. 22, 2010. Carnage, Albert. An Inconvenient Truth: the Crisis of Global Warming. New York: Viking, 2007. Print. Carnage, Albert. Our Choice: a Plan to Solve the Climate Crisis. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2009. Print. Manav, Tanneeru â€Å"Global warming: A characteristic cycle or human result?† CNN. 11 June, 2007. Web. 22 Nov, 2010. Morgan, Sally. A dangerous atmospheric devation. Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library, 2003. Print. â€Å"Global Warm Up† A Round Table. N.d.Web. 22 Nov, 2010. â€Å"The Real 'Badly designed Truth'† Junk Science. N.d. Web. 22 Nov, 2010. â€Å"Medieval Warm Period† Wikipedia. N.d. Web. 22 Nov, 2010.

Convicts to Australia - Researching Convict Ancestors

Convicts to Australia - Researching Convict Ancestors From the appearance of the First Fleet at Botany Bay in January 1788 to the last shipment of convicts to Western Australia in 1868, more than 162,000 convicts were moved to Australia and New Zealand to carry out their punishments as slave work. Almost 94 percent of these convicts to Australia were English and Welsh (70%) or Scottish (24%), with an extra 5 percent originating from Scotland. Convicts were likewise shipped to Australia from British stations in India and Canada, in addition to Maoris from New Zealand, Chinese from Hong Kong and slaves from the Caribbean. Who Were The Convicts? The first motivation behind convict transportation to Australia was foundation of a punitive state to mitigate pressure on the overburdened English restorative offices following the finish of convict transportation to the American provinces. Most of the 162,000 picked for transportation were poor and ignorant, with most sentenced for theft. From around 1810, convicts were viewed as a work hotspot for building and looking after streets, scaffolds, town halls and clinics. Most female convicts were sent to female manufacturing plants, basically constrained work camps, to work off their sentence. Convicts, both male and female, likewise worked for private managers, for example, free pilgrims and little land holders. Where Were The Convicts Sent? The area of enduring records identified with convict precursors in Australia to a great extent relies upon where they were sent. Early convicts to Australia were sent to the state of New South Wales, however by the mid-1800s they were likewise being sent straightforwardly to goals, for example, Norfolk Island, Van Diemens Land (present-day Tasmania), Port Macquarie and Moreton Bay. The main convicts to Western Australia showed up in 1850, additionally the site of the last convict transport appearance inâ 1868. 1,750 convicts known as the Exiles showed up in Victoria from Britain somewhere in the range of 1844 and 1849. English transportation records of criminal transportees depicted on the site of the UK National Archives are the best wagered for figuring out where a convict progenitor was at first sent in Australia. You can likewise look through the British convict transportation registers 1787â€1867â or Ireland-Australia transportation database online to scan for convicts sent to the Australian province. Great Behavior, Tickets of Leave and Pardons In the event that polite after their appearance in Australia, convicts once in a while served their full term. Great conduct qualified them for a Ticket of Leave, a Certificate of Freedom, Conditional Pardon or even an Absolute Pardon. A Ticket of Leave, first gave to convicts who appeared to be ready to help themselves, and later to convicts after a set time of qualification, permitted the convicts to live freely and work for their own wages while staying subject to checking a trial period. The ticket, once gave, could be pulled back for trouble making. For the most part a convict got qualified for a Ticket of Leave following 4 years for a multi year sentence, following 6 years for a multi year sentence, and following 10 years for a lifelong incarceration. Absolutions were commonly conceded to convicts with life sentences, shortening their sentence by giving opportunity. A restrictive exoneration required the liberated convict to stay in Australia, while a flat out acquittal permitted the liberated convict to come back to the U.K. on the off chance that they picked. Those convicts who didn't get an absolution and finished their sentence were given a Certificate of Freedom. Duplicates of these Certificates of Freedom and related records may for the most part be found in the state chronicles where the convict was last held. The State Archives of New South Wales, for instance, offers an online Index to Certificates of Freedom, 1823â€69. More Sources for Researching Convicts Sent to Australia Online Australias early convict records, 1788-1801 incorporates the names of more than 12,000 convicts shipped to New South Wales.The Tasmanian Names Index incorporates convicts (1803â€1893) andâ convict authorizations to wed (1829â€1857).The Fremantle Prison Convict Database fills in as an online file to Western Australia convict registers.Over 140,000 records are accessible in the New South Wales Convict Index, includingâ certificates of opportunity, financial balances, passings, exceptions from government work, pardons, tickets of leave, and tickets of leave international IDs. Were Convicts Also Sent to New Zealand? In spite of confirmations from the British government that NO convicts would be sent to the juvenile settlement of New Zealand, two boats shipped gatherings of Parkhurst disciples to New Zealand the St. Georgeâ carrying 92 young men showed up at Auckland on 25 October 1842, and the Mandarin with a heap of 31 young men on 14 November 1843. These Parkhurst apprenticesâ were little youngsters, most between the ages of 12 and 16, who had been condemned to Parkhurst, a jail for youthful male guilty parties situated on the Isle of Wight. The Parkhurst understudies, a large portion of whom were indicted for minor violations, for example, taking, were restored at Parkhurst, with preparing in occupations, for example, carpentry, shoemaking and fitting, and afterward banished to serve out the rest of their sentence. The Parkhurst young men picked for transport to New Zealand were among the best of the gathering, delegated either free displaced people or frontier disciples, with the p ossibility that while New Zealand would not acknowledge convicts, they would readily acknowledge prepared work. This didn't turn out well with the occupants of Auckland, be that as it may, who mentioned that no further convicts be sent to the settlement. In spite of their unfavorable start, numerous relatives of the Parkhurst Boysâ became recognized residents of New Zealand.

Ten Books to Read if Youre Already Mourning Sense8

Ten Books to Read if Youre Already Mourning Sense8 On Thursday, Netflix announced that Sense8 would not continue past its first season. Fans around the world were devastated  (I actually cried). The show is one of the most diverse, representative, and truly global shows out there, not to mention stunningly shot, and now its been cut off after its second session of what was meant to be a five-season arc. I saw Lana Wachowski talk about the show in Chicago in March. She said that the most important theme of her ambitious show  is empathy.  Sense8 is about connecting deeply with others, seeing and understanding their experiences and plights, no matter how different to yours, and having absolute respect for where theyre coming from and where theyre going. Unfortunately, were unlikely to see more Sense8 in the near future. For now, all I can offer you are ten books that will help you expand your mind into the realm of other peoples diverse worlds and minds. We may not be sensates, but the next best thing we have for diving into the minds of other people is books. Redefining Realness  by Janet Mock. In this memoir,  Janet Mock relays her experiences of growing up young, multiracial, poor, and trans in America.  Mock uses the story of her own quest for identity to shine light on the challenges that face  trans youth.   Exit West by Mohsin Hamid.  Saeed and Nadia live and work as office clerks in a city full of refugees. When they have to flee, they find themselves using a system of fictitious doors that lead to locations around the world. Its fiction, but tells the story of two refugees desperately trying to reach safety. They Cant Kill Us All  by Wesley Lowery. Lowery, a reporter for the Washington Post, conducted hundreds of interviews over the course of one year in Ferguson, Cleveland, Charleston, Baltimore, and more, trying to uncover life inside the most heavily policed corners of America today. The Fire This Time: A New Generation Speaks about Race edited by Jesmyn Ward.  Jesmyn Ward takes James Baldwin’s 1963 examination of race in America, The Fire Next Time, as a jumping off point for this collection of essays and poems about race. In the Country We Love: My Family Divided  by Diane Guerrero. Guerrero tells her story about being a young teenager when her parents were deported. It shows many of the flaws in the system of the United States  regarding immigration. The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas. Thomass  novel featuring the Black Lives Matter movement has been taking the YA world by storm, and for good reason. Starr Carter is a funny, determined heroine, and the novel begins just before we see  a scene of police brutality play out before her eyes.   The Vegetarian by Han Kang. Its a haunting allegorical novel about modern-day South Korea, that also tells the story of  Yeong-hye and her obsessions and trauma. It has OCD and anorexia rep, and is a twisted, strange story of attempting to understand others.   The Corpse Washer by Sinan Antoon. This novel takes place  in Iraq during the late 1980s. A fellow Rioter described it as an incredibly moving story about how war takes away possibilities from entire generations, and the first book they read that really made them see what its like to be a normal civilian trapped in a country under attack. Hyperbole and a Half: Unfortunate Situations, Flawed Coping Mechanisms, Mayhem, and Other Things That Happened by Allie Brosh. This funny graphic novel is somehow the closest a book has come to capturing how I feel about my own depression and anxiety. Brosh captures mental illness through a hilarious, relatable look into her own everyday struggles. Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body by Roxane Gay. This one isnt out yet, but were now only two weeks away from Gays searingly honest memoir of food, weight, self-image, and learning how to feed your hunger while taking care of yourself. Gay  explores what it means to take care of yourself in one of the most important releases of the year. Are you mourning Sense8? Do you have recommendations for this list? Let me know in the comments.

6 Common Spruce Tree Ranges in North America

Managing Conflict At A Dental Clinic Manager - 2108 Words

Conflict at any time is inevitable in the workplace setting; Working on a military Installation as a dental clinic manager they also can have problems with conflict. Conflict can arise between co-workers, supervisors and subordinates and or between employees and customers, suppliers and regulatory agencies. How, you as the manager handle conflict with your spouse can be completely different than how you handle conflict with a co-worker especially in a manager’s perspective. Managing conflict is a key in management proficiency that all managers should study. Practicing effective conflict management skills will help to maintain a positive workplace environment for employers and employees. As a manager one must acknowledge that they control how a department will function, working in a dental clinic a department manager’s position is crucial for an organization because they are the reference that serves the entire operation. This leader has to believe in the foundation of the company by acting accordingly into their role. A manager wears many hats and needs to know what role they must play in order to be successful. An organization should recognize that at times conflict can arise in the workplace and a systematic process should be followed. There are various types of conflict and guidelines to effectively resolve conflict to which they are addressed. Conflict management is the process of preparing to avoid conflict and organizing to resolve conflict where it does happen,Show MoreRelatedManager s Perspective For Resolving Conflicts2328 Words   |  10 Pagesperspective for resolving conflicts. (Dental Clinic) Purpose: To Educate Managers of a Dental Clinic on how to handle conflict in the workplace. Conflict at anytime is inevitable in the workplace setting’ working on a Military installation as a dental clinic manager may also have tribulations with conflict. Conflict can arise between co-workers, supervisors and subordinates, employees and customers, and/or suppliers and regulatory agencies. How, the manager handles conflict with a spouse can be completelyRead MoreNegotiating With Someone You Know Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesNegotiating with Someone You Know We will always find things in life that we wish we could change. The things people wish to negotiate can vary in nature from wanting to work closer to home, wishing their pay scale was higher, hoping we had better managers, or wishing for better working conditions. If we are lucky, there will come a point in our lives where we are going to be in a position to be able to have some sort of control over the things we wish to change. When presented with the opportunityRead MoreBaque-Manalang Dental Clinic Online Reservation4720 Words   |  19 Pagesreservation for dental clinic via online services. The objective of online reservation is to reduce the effort and the time for the customers to set appointment and to receive services and improved the reservation validation efficiency. Background of the study Baque-Manalang Clinic is a dental clinic located at Hilario St., Ligtasan, Tarlac, Tarlac. It is owned by Dr. Eillen B. Manalang, DMD, established since 1992. The said clinic is operated by one dentist, two dental assistants, one dental photographerRead MoreDental Patient Management System12401 Words   |  50 Pagesbrief introduction for the structure of the project. 2.1 OVERVIEW Dental Chambers is a dental clinic at Wellawatte which has about 500 regular patients. They provide better treatment for their patients and hence have a very good patient’s base. They give solutions for their patients by referring the past treatment records. And the patients are also much satisfied with the approach. But the difficulty the Dental Chambers face is to serve their patient on time. Since they maintain all theRead MoreOrganizational Analysis Essay examples1729 Words   |  7 PagesRetail-Based Medical Center Operator (more than 11 million Minute Clinic patient visits to date) and lastly Retail Loyalty Program(more than 69 million active Extra Care customers). The acting CEO is Larry Merlo and acting Human Resources manager is Lisa Bisaccia, whom accepted the position on January 1, 2010. Her initiatives for CVS is to enhance compensation practices, restructure human resources processing functions, and successfully managing all human resources support for the retail businesses. Read MoreThe Key Of Effective Leadership1779 Words   |  8 Pagesdesigned with a middle manager, who reports to the boss and, in turn supervises and communicates with others (Bolman Deal, 2013, p. 101). The dual authority system also has a boss, but has two individuals in the management layer and the two individuals have authority over specific areas of the group s work (Bolman Deal, 2013, p. 99). For example, in my current organization, we work under the simple hierarchy system. There is our battalion commander, the boss. He has one manager, the executive officerRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 Pages898-4506 before submitting your form . vii 2006 Additional Information Needed Form Page 1 of 2 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award The following information is needed by the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Program Office to avoid conflicts of interest when assigning Examiners to evaluate your application and by Examiners in performing their evaluations. 1. Site Listing and Descriptors Please refer to the instructions on page 19 of the PDF version of the Baldrige Award ApplicationRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 Pages(800) 898-4506 before submitting your form. vii 2006 Additional Information Needed Form Page 1 of 2 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award The following information is needed by the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Program Office to avoid conflicts of interest when assigning Examiners to evaluate your application and by Examiners in performing their evaluations. 1. Site Listing and Descriptors Please refer to the instructions on page 19 of the PDF version of the Baldrige Award Application FormsRead MoreLeading Strategies Change at Davita3331 Words   |  14 Pagesa popular acronym in the company; being considered â€Å"good at GSD† was the highest compliment a teammate could receive) persons were sent to the billing office, to work on collections and to fix the cash flow problem. In May 2000 more than 400 clinic managers, plus people from corporate headquarters assembled in Phoenix Arizona, for the first of what has become an annual ,corporate-wide meeting. At this first meeting suggestions for a new name for the company were presented. The company’s teammatesRead MoreAn Overview Of Theories Of Strategic Management And Its Application For Private Healthcare Organization Essay2173 Words   |  9 PagesSince 1980, expenditure on healthcare has increased by four times in United States. With the amount and pace of change showing no signs of settling down, the g reatest challenge faced by healthcare managers is to plan amidst the challenging situation. There is immense pressure to reduce the cost of healthcare system and improve quality of healthcare at the same time (Chapter 1, 2016).Therefore, in order to manage this challenging situation successfully and to plan effectively against future challenges

Pest Analysis of Sainsburys in a 3rd World Country Free Essays

Introduction of the Company : Sainsburys is the third largest chain of super markets in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1869 and has been growing all over the United Kingdom ever since, and today operates over 1000 super markets and convenience stores and employees over 150,000 employees and captures more than 16% of the market share. It is also listed on the London Stock Exchange and is the constituent of the FTSE 100 index. We will write a custom essay sample on Pest Analysis of Sainsburys in a 3rd World Country or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sainsburys not only provides products to its customers but also services to some extent. The products and services offered by Sainsburys have a wide range from food and drinks to energy providing, clothing to insurance, appliances to banking facilities. Sainsburys has been a growing entity at a growing rate. Though TESCO has overtaken Sainsburys to become the market leader and has expanded not only in United Kingdom but also outside the United Kingdom such as Europe, Asia and North America. Since TESCO has always been a strong competitor of Sainsburys so Sainsburys also has this intention to expand outside United Kingdom, too. It is necessary for a firm or company to carry out a PEST analysis either as a new entrant or to exist and survive in the market to keep it’s self updated with the influence of the macro environmental factors. Introduction of PEST Analysis : PEST analysis stands for â€Å"political, economic, social and technological analysis†. PEST Analysis focuses on analysing the macro-environment in which a business or a firm operates. Each of these factors play a vital role in the overall business environment and one should consider these factors and have vital knowledge of them as they can either make you a success story or may end up shutting down the business. Political factors refer to the economic policy given by the government and the government intervention the economy. This includes areas such as tax policy, labour, law, tarrif and trade restrictions. Political stability is also quite important for the economic growth. While, governments have great influence on health, education and infrastructure of the nation. Interest rate, economic growth, monetary and fiscal policy, inflation and the exchange rates are the important economic factors. These factors play a vital role in a firm’s business strategy and decision making. Every country has it’s own culture and the nation has a strong impact on their living. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. Social  factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, language, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a company’s products and how that company operates. For example, the roles of men and women in the society. Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends Technological  factors have vital place in PEST analysis. Some markets are labour intensive and some are capital intensive. Technological factors determine  barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence  outsourcing  decisions. It is one of the major drivers of globalization and is the base for competitive advantage. Innovation is offered to the customers or consumers through technology for example internet banking, smart phones etc. It also enables the firm to produce a product cheaply and to a better quality in standard. Pakistan is the sixth most populated country in the world with over 180 million people. It is estimated that the 25% of the population belongs to the middle income class. It is also estimated that 55% of the Pakistani population is in the 10-40 years age bracket. The upper middle-income class is estimated at 17 million with relatively high per capita income which favours more consumer spending. The average Pakistani consumer spends 42% of his income on food related products. The upcoming changes in demographic will create opportunities and challenges for businesses in Pakistan. Pakistan’s food retail sector is unorganised and highly dominated by independent small stores. Over the past few years, some large European food retailers have opened stores in all major Pakistani metropolitan cities like Makro, Metro and Carrefour (Hyper star). Pakistani families are attracted towards these stores due to their strategic location, multiple product range and imported processed food. Studies also show that there has been a significant shift to organized format of shopping from traditional format, in urban areas. This provides a challenging and profitable opportunity to other food retailers to enter the market. Sainsburys provides convenient shopping under one roof, has wide range of products, consumer friendly environment, large storage and discounted prices. These factors give Sainsburys an advantage over other food retailers currently present in Pakistan. If Sainsburys decides to enter in food retail sector then it has to perform a PEST analysis. PEST Analysis of Sainsburys in Pakistan : Political Factors : The political factors revolve around the current government in a country. Currently, in Pakistan, the ruling party is Pakistan People’s Party which was democratically elected in 2008. Though it is backed by western powers but still is considered to be a weak government. The basic questions arise such as how stable is the political or is there any government intervention in the economic policy making or laws and legislation protecting the businesses. Unfortunately, due to weak governments in the past, the security and corruption has been the key issues Pakistan has been facing over the the last decade. Which certainly is not a good sign for any foreign investors. However, giants in food-retail sectors like Metro and Carrefour ( hyper star) have set an example with an increasing growth in profit and expansion even in such circumstances. Sainsburys may enter in the Pakistani market with it’s variety of products which are available under one roof, as the increasing trend in urban areas shows, there will be high demand for it. Political factors may also include the goods and services which the governments want to provide or be provided. Sainsburys collects much of it’s revenue by selling it’s wide range of wines and spirits. Pakistani law prohibits the sale or consumption of any type of wines and spirits within its geographical boundaries, Sainsburys will not be allowed to sell it in their stores which may negatively affect their sales. Government of Pakistan ensures that there is foreign investment in Pakistan and it has signed a few trade agreements too. It also provides foreign investors the incentives to invest here. Partial ownership by the Pakistan government usually serves as an insurance policy for the share holders and the investors. Economic Factors: Extremely volatile oil prices are the root cause of global financial crisis in Pakistan which has also worsened the energy crisis. These two factors increase the cost of production. High inflation is a key resultant of it As Sainsburys produce much of it’s products in stores so they may go beyond their feasible region in producing a product. Interest rates are at their peak, economic growth is quite slow and this is due to the low level of lending and purchasing power of the consumer is weak. Though it is a labour intensive country and labour supply is quite high and also available at low cost than most other countries but unemployment is rising regardless of the above mentioned fact. The gap between rich and poor continues to expand and the percentage of poor is increasing everyday. However relatively quite cheaper labour may do a significant impact in Sainsburys production. It will also bring employment opportunities for young and skilled labour. Heavy loans from financial institutions like IMF and world bank has made the government in debt upto neck and there are no significant changes in sight. However financial aid packages in the name of war on terror and from the friends of Pakistan has kept the economy from collapsing. Pakistan has integrated with global economy and has brought positive impact on economy with increase in GDP. Despite of the worse conditions, Investing in such a country where cheap labour is available and more than half of the country’s population lies in the labour force, targeting middle-income class-keeping the fact in mind that government provides support to private investors would not be a bad decision. Social Factors : The culture and religion are very close to each other in Pakistan. As mentioned above this will affect the sales of wines and spirits of Sainsburys as it is not only prohibited by the dominant religion and prohibited by law but the targeted class does not accept it too. Health and Education are the two important sectors for any developing nations and Pakistan lack both of them and government of Pakistan fails to allocate the required budget in both the sectors. However, people like to shop and come with families to the big retail stores. There has been a significant shift from traditional to organized format. The studies show that 11% of the population tend to buy long life food related products in advance for a month. Sainsburys provides a healthy and safe environment to work with,which for a change would attract the people to work and shop here. In comparison to the past, women have also started to contribute in the labor force. Language will be a barrier for the citizens of Pakistan as english is not the first language in Pakistan. Buying imported products is considered a status symbol in Pakistan so there is a high demand for foreign products in Pakistan and is appreciated in the local market. According to studies people spend 42% of their income on food related products. So there will be high demand for a food related products provided by Sainsburys. Technological Factors : Technological expertise is overflowed in Pakistan as the labour supply and demand for IT professionals is high. There has been an improvement in the industrial sector but still the country’s imports are higher than exports. Since it is a labour intensive area and not capital intensive so use of technology higher the cost of production but shift to focus more on labour may help Sainsburys to produce it’s products relatively cheaper. There is also a trend of buying products online seen. Sainsburys already provides the service of buying it’s products online which saves much time so the typical â€Å"9-5† workforce can also be targeted. How to cite Pest Analysis of Sainsburys in a 3rd World Country, Papers

Political Risk free essay sample

Political Risk: is what happens when a company or companies face a series of political changes that could threaten its situation in a country. †¢Political Threat: is a situation when a company would eventually suffer a series of bad conditions on a certain market. †¢Political Changes: are a series of changes within the government of a country. †¢Micro Risk: a type of political risk that threatens the activities of a certain industry. Macro Risk: a type of political risk that threatens all the industries. †¢Violent Situations: Situations that risk the integrity of the people, the infrastructure, the economy among others in the country. †¢National Requirements: when a country forces a company to modify its circumstances to stay in the market. Introduction We studied the influence of political risk in business all around the world analyzing its definition through it. It is important to take into account that in business it is crucial to know about the political situation of a country because political risk is not always presented in the same way, it depends on the characteristics of the countries involved in the problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Risk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We had a previous knowledge given by the teacher and we also had information obtained from the news we are constantly reading, but we did not have many examples of that because all the cases that could be examples of political risk took place in Latin America; all of them were extremely valid and onsonant with the definition we had of political risk, however we concluded that it could be less inspiring for our classmates because those cases are very well-known. That is the main reason we had to search cases that were not part of the public domain in the Colombian context and we decided to focus on cases from different parts of the world and in that order of ideas we could understand how companies face political risk. This study will help us to improve our knowledge in business and politics. Arguments First of all is very important to understand the definition of political risk. It is what happens when a company or companies face a series of political changes that could threaten its situation in a country. Any company could be affected by political changes, as well as any country could be affected by political risk situations derivative of political changes. The factors that lead to political risk are revolutions, wars, general elections, political reforms, among others. There are two types of risks that could affect a company, a market or an industry. Macro risk and micro risk; the first is the one that affects every company in every industry, and the second is the one that affects a specific industry and its companies. Another factor that threatens the development of an industry within a country is violence; it could be classified in three different kinds: terrorism, open-war and kidnapping. The national requirements are also a reason for political risk; this is when a country has a very high and strong protectionism or when the government forces companies to have a determined number of local products. When companies are victims of political risk there are some ways to fight it. If the company has security problems, the solution would be to contract a security agency and also an insurance agency; if the problem is because of the local or national requirements, the company should get a partner from that region or country; and the last one would be to create political pressure to fight the political problems. The first study case we found is about a Ukrainian company that was affected by political risk in Russia. Ukrainian iron and steel company Azovstal made its debut in the international bond markets this week, successfully selling $175m of bonds in loan participation note format yesterday (Thursday) through joint leads ING and Russia’s Moscow Narodny But while the company wanted to raise up to $200m in five year funds, Ukraine’s political volatility and the threat of further disputes with Russia over gas put paid to those ambitions as investors shied away from buying that typo and length of risk without a concession. (Ukraines Azovstal overcomes politics to sell $175m. (2006). Euroweek, 1-1. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/231056813? accountid=45662) This Company was the third largest steel producer in Ukraine by the year 2006, it had plans for expansion into the international market beginning with Russia. When Azovstal finally entered into the Russian market it had to face many problems from Moscow and Kiev. Both nations reached one of its worst moments in their relations during that time. Viktor Pynzenyk, then the finance minister resigned as a protest over the decision of Kiev to pay $95 per 1000 cubic meters of gas to Russia when they used to pay $50. That decision was made very close to the parliamentary election of that month and it was very bad for the then president of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenco. This crisis, at its worst moment, generated the worst threat from the Russian government to not sell more gas to Ukraine. Here we can see the Macro risk situation that Azovstal went through because the lack of gas supply could totally affect every Ukrainian company. Azovstal, which had already planned to convert its machinery to use coal, decided to anticipate it to prevent itself of shortage; after many weeks both governments reached an agreement, even so, Azovstal had to make many reforms, it had to modify its internationalization plans that were based on the entrance into the Slavic countries because of the frequent diplomatic conflicts that it had with Belarus; finally they decided to enter into the Middle East market. The second study case we found was about a Chinese company; when it tried to enter into the Vietnamese market it had to face a prices war, very high tariffs and the lack of help from the government and people. â€Å"The Lifan Group would particularly welcome new opportunities. Competition in motorcycles has become intense, and profit margins are falling. The group has a big share of the export market to Vietnam, but there too it faces rapidly growing competition and vicious price wars. (Business: The communist entrepreneur; face value. (2003, Mar 29). The Economist, 366(8317), 74-62. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/224030774? accountid=45662). Lifan Group entered into the Vietnamese market in the late 90’s but it had to face very bad conditions because it was a foreign company, besides this, Hanoi implemented very strong protectionist politics to prevent the national industry to be affected by foreign companies; this is a Macro risk situation against Vietn amese politics. Another fact that did not help too much was that Lifan was a Chinese company and the relations between Beijing and Hanoi were not the best. To face this situation Lifan company countered by two fronts; in first instance it allied with a Vietnamese company for assembling cars in Vietnam, they do that in a direct way in order to improve their situation and they obtained good results because it reduced the high tariffs and the negative influence from the ones who don’t trust in China. If the cars were assembled in Vietnam it would help more to Hanoi than if they imported them. The second fact that helped Lifan Group to face this situation of political risk was the gain of political influence in the original China when the directives of Lifan reached positions in the Chinese communist party, they ensure the Chinese help in case of any misfortune. Conclusion As future business people we know the importance to keep in touch with the daily information of the world. Political Risk rates in a country are an essential part of a business, by them we could know if it is feasible to invest in a country or in a company in a determined country, also if the debut of a company in another country will be successful or not and if the people in that foreign country will accept the company and its products or services based on their politics or government.